My YM
Sabtu, 29 November 2014
NEWS 2
Semen Indonesia chief heading Pertamina
The government appointed on Friday PT Semen Indonesia president director Dwi Soetjipto to head state oil and gas company PT Pertamina, replacing Karen Agustiawan, who resigned for unknown reasons in October."As of Nov. 28, Dwi Soetjitpto is heading Pertamina," said State Enterprises Minister Rini Soemarno.
Dwi has spent his entire career in the cement industry within publicly listed state-run Semen Indonesia, the nation's biggest cement producer.
Prior to achieving the top job in Semen Indonesia in 2005, Dwi led the company's troubled subsidiary PT Semen Padang between 2003 and 2005.
During his term in Semen Padang, Dwi successfully brought order to the company after widespread violent opposition from its workers to the government's plan to sell the controlling stake in Semen Indonesia to Mexico's cement giant Cemex S.A.
His success in reforming Semen Padang earned him the top job in Semen Indonesia in 2005.
Dwi earned his bachelor degree in engineering from the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology in Surabaya, East Java, his masters in management from the Andalas University in West Sumatra, and his PhD in management from the University of Indonesia in Depok, West Java.
Rini said that the government had also appointed Yenni Andayani from PV Gas & Power Pertamina, Ahmad Bambang from PT Trans Continental and Arif Budimanta from Mackenzie Stuart Oil & Gas as members of the board of directors.
"The exact positions of the three new directors in Pertamina will be decided later," said Rini. (ren/nfo)(++++)
News 1
Pollycarpus gets parole
Former Garuda pilot Pollycarpus Budihari Priyanto, who was sentenced to 14 years in prison over his role in the death of human rights campaigner Munir Said Thalib, has left Sukamiskin Penitentiary in Bandung on parole.“Pollycarpus is out of prison on parole,” penitentiary directorate-general spokesman Akbar Hadi said on Friday.
He said Pollycarpus was considered as having fulfilled all the requirements necessary to receive parole.
Justice and Human Rights Ministerial Regulation No. 1/2007 stipulates that a convict can receive parole after serving two thirds of his or her sentence.
Pollycarpus is obliged to report to the Sukamiskin prison warden once a month during his parole period, which will last until 2018. While on parole, Pollycarpus is prohibited from traveling abroad.
Rights activist Munir Said Thalib was poisoned with arsenic that, according to the court, had been mixed with orange juice that he drank during a flight from Jakarta to Singapore on September 6, 2004.
Despite Pollycarpus being sentenced, it remains unclear who masterminded the murder.
Pressure from the public and fellow rights activists has been mounting but the government has so far failed to prosecute the mastermind behind the murder, which many believe involved important people.
DEFINITION READING COMPREHENSION
Reading comprehension is the ability to read text, process it and
understand its meaning. An individual's ability to comprehend text is
influenced by their traits and skills, one of which is the ability to
make inferences. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much
of their processing capacity to read individual words,
which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read. There
are a number of approaches to improve reading comprehension, including
improving one's vocabulary and reading strategies.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
How Do I Manage Cultural Diversity?
We are generally aware that the first step in managing diversity is recognize it and learning not to fear it.
Since
everyone is the product of their own culture, we need to increase both
self-awareness and cross-cultural awareness. There is no book of
instructions to deal with cultural diversity, no recipe to follow. But
certain attitudes help to bridge cultures.
Admit that you don’t know.
Knowing that we don’t know everything, that a situation does not make
sense, that our assumptions may be wrong is part of the process of
becoming culturally aware. Assume differences, not similarities.
Suspend judgments. Collect as much information as possible so you can describe the situation accurately before evaluating it.
Empathy. In
order to understand another person, we need to try standing in his/her
shoes. Through empathy we learn of how other people would like to be
treated by us.
Systematically check your assumptions. Ask your colleagues for feedback and constantly check your assumptions to make sure that you clearly understand the situation.
Become comfortable with ambiguity. The
more complicated and uncertain life is, the more we tend to seek
control. Assume that other people are as resourceful as we are and that
their way will add to what we know. “If we always do, what we’ve always
done, we will always get, what we always got.”
Celebrate diversity. As
a company find ways of sharing the cultures of your diverse workforce,
i.e., in 2002 Deutsche Bank carried out multiple initiatives around the
theme of “tolerance: diversity, identity, recognition” which they called
“Initiative Plus 2002.” They encouraged employee projects and organized
an annual colloquium of global experts.
DEGRES OF CULTURAL AWARENESS
Degrees of Cultural Awa
reness
reness
There are several levels of cultural awareness that reflect how people grow to perceive cultural differences.
My way is the only way
- At the first level, people are aware of their way of doing things,
and their way is the only way. At this stage, they ignore the impact of
cultural differences. (Parochial stage)
I know their way, but my way is better -
At the second level, people are aware of other ways of doing things,
but still consider their way as the best one. In this stage, cultural
differences are perceived as source of problems and people tend to
ignore them or reduce their significance. (Ethnocentric stage)
My Way and Their Way -
At this level people are aware of their own way of doing things and
others’ ways of doing things, and they chose the best way according to
the situation. At this stage people realize that cultural differences
can lead both to problems and benefits and are willing to use cultural
diversity to create new solutions and alternatives. (Synergistic stage)
Our Way -
This fourth and final stage brings people from different cultural
background together for the creation of a culture of shared meanings.
People dialogue repeatedly with others, create new meanings, new rules
to meet the needs of a particular situation. (Participatory Third
culture stage)
Increasing
cultural awareness means to see both the positive and negative aspects
of cultural differences. Cultural diversity could be a source of
problems, in particular when the organization needs people to think or
act in a similar way. Diversity increases the level of complexity and
confusion and makes agreement difficult to reach. On the other hand,
cultural diversity becomes an advantage when the organization expands
its solutions and its sense of identity, and begins to take different
approaches to problem solving. Diversity in this case creates valuable
new skills and behaviors.
In becoming culturally aware, people realize that:
We are not all the same
Similarities and differences are both important
There are multiple ways to reach the same goal and to live life
The best way depends on the cultural contingency. Each situation is different and may require a different solution.
CULTURAL AWARENESS
What is Cultural Awareness, anyway? How do I build it?
Cultural
Awareness is the foundation of communication and it involves the
ability of standing back from ourselves and becoming aware of our
cultural values, beliefs and perceptions. Why do we do things in that
way? How do we see the world? Why do we react in that particular way?
Cultural
awareness becomes central when we have to interact with people from
other cultures. People see, interpret and evaluate things in a different
ways. What
is considered an appropriate behavior in one culture is frequently
inappropriate in another one. Misunderstandings arise when I use my
meanings to make sense of your reality.
As
an Italian it is almost automatic to perceive US Americans as people
who always work, talk about business over lunch and drink their coffee
running in the street instead of enjoying it in a bar. What does it
mean? Italians are lazy and American hyperactive? No, it means that the
meaning that people give to certain activities, like having lunch or
dinner could be different according to certain cultures. In Italy, where
relationships are highly valued, lunch, dinner or the simple pauses for
coffee have a social connotation: people get together to talk and
relax, and to get to know each other better. In the USA, where time is
money, lunches can be part of closing a deal where people discuss the
outcomes and sign a contract over coffee.
Misinterpretations
occur primarily when we lack awareness of our own behavioral rules and
project them on others. In absence of better knowledge we tend to
assume, instead of finding out what a behavior means to the person
involved, e.g. a straight look into your face is regarded as
disrespectful in Japan.
Becoming
aware of our cultural dynamics is a difficult task because culture is
not conscious to us. Since we are born we have learned to see and do
things at an unconscious level. Our experiences, our values and our
cultural background lead us to see and do things in a certain way.
Sometimes we have to step outside of our cultural boundaries in order to
realize the impact that our culture has on our behavior. It is very helpful to gather feedback from foreign colleagues on our behavior to get more clarity on our cultural traits.
Projected
similarities could lead to misinterpretation as well. When we assume
that people are similar to us, we might incur the risk that they are
not. If we project similarities where there are not, we might act
inappropriately. It is safer to assume differences until similarity is
proven.[1
DIFFERENT INDONESIAN AND JAPAN PEOPLE
Comparison of Indonesian and Japanese Culture
1. Is it cultural comparison?
Culture is the crystallization of values and lifestyle adopted a community. Culture of each community grow and develop unique, because of differences in the pattern of the community life. Comparison of Japanese and Indonesian culture means finding the values of similarities and differences between the Indonesian people and the nation of Japan. By recognizing the similarities and differences between the two cultures that, we will be able to understand the diversity of existing lifestyle, which will be useful when communicating and interacting with parties coming from different cultures.
The main difficulty in making comparisons between Indonesian and Japanese culture due to the different characteristics of the two nations. Japanese people are relatively homogeneous, and only has about 15 languages (not mean 15 tribes, because including sign language for the deaf), and has a much longer history, so that the cultural values it is crystallized. The Indonesian nation characterized by a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic, has more than 700 languages, making it easy to search for fragments that represent the culture of Indonesia nationally [1]. Need separated values which are accepted nationally in Indonesia, and which is the unique character of the existing one tribe.
The discussion in this paper is limited in comparison Indonesian and Japanese culture from the following aspects. : "Name and signature", "how to use gestures to respect the older / respected".
2. Selection Tradition Name and Signature
2.1 naming tradition in Japan
Name in Japan consists of two parts: the family name and first name. This name must be listed in a government office (Kuyakusho), no later than 14 days after a baby is born. Everyone in Japan except the imperial family, has a family name. The tradition of the use of the family name is valid from the time of the Meiji restoration, whereas in the previous era generally ordinary people did not have surnames. Since the Meiji restoration, the family name became a necessity in Japan. Today there are about 100 thousand surnames in Japan, and among the most popular are Satou and Suzuki. If a woman is married, then he would change the family name, followed her husband's name. However, there are many career women who retains his family name. Of a government survey in 1997, approximately 33% of the respondents wanted to get married though, they are not allowed to change the name of the family [2]. This occurs because of the influence of social structure shifted from the concept of "ie" (家) in Japanese family tradition. More and more young people who live in a big city, so it is generally become nuclear family (father, mother and child), and there is no necessity of a woman after marriage then stay at home husband's family. The tradition in Japan in selecting first name, having regard to the meaning of kanji, and the number of strokes, accompanied by hope or prayer for the good of the child.
2.2 The tradition of naming in Indonesia
As for the people in Indonesia not all tribes have a tradition of the family name. Java community for example, does not have a family name. But tribes in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi has a family name. From the name of a person, we can estimate from the tribe where he came from, what religion professed etc. The following characteristics of the name of each tribe in Indonesia
• Javanese (approximately 45% of the entire population): usually begins with Su (for men) or Sri (for women), and use the vowel "o". Example: Sukarno, Suharto, Susilo, Joko, Anto, Sri Miranti, Sri Ning.
• Sundanese (approximately 14% of the entire population): many who have looping syllable. For example Dada, Titin, Iis, Cecelia
• Batak: some examples of surnames among others Harahap, Nasution.
• Minahasa tribe: some examples include Pinontoan surname, Ratulangi.
• Balinese people: Ketut, Made, Putu, Wayan etc. This name indicates the sequence, not a family name.
In addition to the name derived from the traditions of the tribe, many names are taken from the influence of religion. For example, Muslims: Abdurrahman Wahid, Abdullah, etc. While Catholics usually wear a baptismal name: Francis, Bonivasius, Augustine, etc.
2.3 Comparison of the two traditions
Similarities between the two traditions
Both in Japan and in Indonesia in choosing a name (first name) often choose mensimbolkan word meaning good, as prayers for the child later better way of life. Special in Japan, many stroke kanji used is also a
one particular consideration in choosing a letter to the child. Generally men in Japan ending in "ro" (郎), while women end in "ko" (子)
The difference between the two traditions as follows.
1. In Japan, the family name entered in the official civil records, but in Indonesia this family name is not recorded officially in a government office. Name of family / clan is not allowed to be listed on the birth certificate
2. In Japan after marrying a woman will officially change its name to follow her husband's surname. While in Indonesia when married, a woman does not change the family name. But there is also the husband's family name is inserted in the middle, between the first name and family name of the woman, as in the Minahasa tribe. In Indonesia, generally after marriage the husband's name is attached to the back of the wife's name. For example, Prio Jatmiko married to Sri Suwarni, then she became Sri Suwarni Jatmiko. But this addition does not go through the process of legalization / official record in a government office.
3. Kanji letters that can be used to develop the child's name in Japan is limited by the government (about 2232 letters, called jinmeiyo kanji), while in Indonesia there are no formal restrictions to choose the word that is used as the name of the child
2.4 A unique experience that arise from cultural differences
For Indonesian people who come in Japan, during registration, for example, to make ID cards are often asked which family name, and where the first name. Almost every time I have to always explain the difference between Indonesian and Japanese tradition, that in Indonesia there is no necessity to have a family name. Normally this can be understood and not cause problems. But sometimes we have to specify the name as a family name, for example, when writing a paper (formal scientific article), or for the benefit of the work. At that time I was forced to use the name "Nugroho" as a family name in order not to complicate the administration problems. Similarly, when my son was born, we named Kartika Utami nurhayati. My son's name although none length which is a family name. But the time of registration, the government of Japan (Kuyakusho) asked me to assign a name that is recorded as a family, because otherwise it would be difficult in the administrative management of insurance. Finally the name "nurhayati" located at the back of my registered as a family name. For Japanese people it will seem strange, because in our family there who have the same family name.
Still related to the name, is a matter of signature and Inkan (stamp). In Indonesia in various formal administrative affairs as a sign of approval, each person signing. This signature must be constant. Many people who have a signature derived from the initials of the name, but with a unique way of writing which differentiate with other people who may have the same name. This signature is also to be affixed at the time of an Indonesian passport will leave for Japan. But once he was in Japan, the original signature has an important role, becoming lost perananannya. Signature in Japan does not have the formal power. The tradition of Japanese society in his signature is to wear Inkan (stamp). Usually this Inkan bearing the family name. There are several types of Inkan used in Japan. Among others:
1. "Mitomein" (認 印) used for everyday purposes that are not too important, for example, when receiving a shipment, fill out an application.
2. "Jitsuin" (実 印) used for important purposes, such as buying a home, buying a car. Inkan this type should be listed in a government office.
3. "Ginkoin" (銀行 印) is used to open a bank account
"Jitsuin" and "ginkoin" very rarely used and should be stored carefully. Because if lost will cause serious problems in the business.
For foreigners when entering Japan must make Inkan. To create a bank account, we can not use a signature, and must wear Inkan. Unless yubinkyoku still allow the use of signatures. Because it does not have the habit of signatures, a lot of the Japanese people when asked to sign a hand (in the passport for example), generally they write their full name in kanji. Perhaps because of this that when I asked an officer delivery of goods, to sign a receipt, he said, "please write your full name", even though it's in the signature column. It seems to them, together with a written signature full name.
3. The use of gesture / motion of the body to give respect and affection
One of the interesting topics to be discussed is how to use body language to express respect. Japan and Indonesia have different ways of expressing gratitude, apology, etc.
Ojigi
In Japanese culture is a way of saluting ojigi with bow, for example, when to say thank you, apology, give a diploma at graduation, etc. There are two types of ojigi: ritsurei (立 礼) and Zarei (座 礼). Ojigi Ritsurei is done while standing. While doing ojigi, for men usually while pressing the ass to maintain balance, while women usually put both hands in front of body. While Zarei is ojigi performed while sitting. Based on the intensity, ojigi divided into 3: saikeirei (最 敬礼), keirei (敬礼), eshaku (会 釈). The longer and more in a bent body indicates the intensity of feeling to be conveyed. Saikeirei is the highest level, the body was bent about 45 degrees or more. Keirei around 30-45 degrees, while eshaku about 15-30 degrees. Saikeirei very rarely done in everyday life, as it is used when expressing profound apology or to perform prayers. To further intensify, ojigi done repeatedly. For example, when I want to convey a feeling of profound apology. As for the Indonesian culture, unknown ojigi.
handshake
The tradition of the handshake is done both in Indonesia and in Japan symbolizes hospitality and warmth. But in Indonesia, sometimes this is done with a handshake should join hands. If done by two people of the opposite sex, there are times when their hands are not touching. Location of hands after the handshake is done, was different. There are some people who then put a hand on his chest, there are also placed on the forehead, as saying that it is not merely physical, but also of the mind.
kiss the hand
The tradition of kissing the hand commonly done as a form of respect from a child to a parent, from a layman to community leaders / religion, from a student to teacher. It is not clear where this tradition originated. But there is a suspicion comes from the influence of Arab culture. In old Europe, known tradition of kissing the hand as well, but as a tribute to a man against a woman who dignified the same or higher. In the Roman Catholic religion, kiss the hand is also a tradition that is carried out of a race to the boss (Pope, Cardinal). In Japan unknown culture kiss hands.
kiss on the cheek
Kiss on the cheek common in Indonesia when two people meet friends or relatives, or as an expression of the love of a child to his parents and vice versa. This tradition is not found in Japan.
sungkem
Sungkem tradition prevalent in Javanese society, but may not be prevalent in other tribes. Sungkem done as a sign of devotion of a child to his parents, a student to teacher. Sungkem wont to do if a child is going to get married, or when Eid (for Muslims), as an expression of apology to the parents, and asked for his blessing prayer.
Both the Japanese and Indonesian culture is unique in expressing respect, sorry. Handshake is the only tradition that applies both in Japan and Indonesia. Mistakes that often occur when a new Indonesia is familiar with Japanese culture while doing ojigi, the face does not come subdued but looking at the other person. This may occur because the affected style prevalent handshake while looking at each other's eyes. Another mistake is to mix ojigi frequent and handshakes. It is also not appropriate in light of the Japanese tradition.
4. Cover
Comparison between Indonesian and Japanese culture is useful to know the thinking pattern of the Indonesian people and the nation of Japan. One of the main difficulties is the different characteristics of the two nations: the Japanese are relatively homogeneous, whereas the Indonesian people are very heterogeneous. Therefore, the comparison would be easier if it is focused on the tribes in Indonesia. For example, Japanese culture with the culture of Central Java, or Japanese culture with Sundanese culture.
1. When in public transport:
Japan: People in reading a book or sleep.
Indonesia: People in chat, ngegosip, laugh-ketiwi giggling, daydream, and sleep.
2. When eating dikendaraan general:
Japan: Trash leftover food is stored into a pants pocket or put in a bag, then just dumped after find any trash.
Indonesia: The innocent face, junk food scraps thrown away just like that under the bench / thrown out the window.
3. When the class:
Japan: The blank is most rear college.
Indonesia: The blank is the next college.
4. When the professor giving a lecture:
Japan: All students are silent listening intently.
Indonesia: Look to the left, there is a chat. Look to the right, there is a read comics. Look back, on the bed. Just wrote a calm front row to listen to, it was because sitting right in front of the nose faculty!
5. When given the task by the lecturer:
Japan: Today was also the day or malemnya directly invade the library or browse the internet for searching the data.
Indonesia: If there's no tomorrow, why dikerjain today!
6. When late to class:
Japan: Begging pardon bowing 90 degrees, and the expression of shame and regret not going to repeat again.
Indonesia: Slonong boy & girl slonong enter just like that without asking permission to lecturers at all.
7. When on the highway:
Japan: The car is very rare (except in big cities). Though Japan the country's largest car manufacturer in the world, his car on where ya?
Indonesia: The streets were jammed, to the extent that people often difficult to cross and which way the motor keserempet inconsiderate.
8. When the office hours:
Japan: The road sepiiiii really, like a ghost town.
Indonesia: There Unscrupulous use coklat2 uniform in wandering in malls.
9. When the trash:
Japan: Waste disposed of according to its kind. Organic waste disposed of in special bins of organic, non-organic waste disposed of in a non-organic waste.
Indonesia: organic Want kek, kek non-organic, animal bangke kek, all tumplek together in plastic bags. (make it simple hahahaa)
10. When leaving the office:
Japan: Departing take a train / bus. The car is used only when a family vacation or event urgent wrote.
Indonesia: Prestige dooonk ... Future ride public transportation ?!
11. When agreed to meet:
Japan: Ting ... tong ... everything comes right at the agreed hours.
Indonesia: One party must be allowed to mildew and rust over time because of the wait!
12. When walking in the morning:
Japan: People on the street super fast kayak pursued doggy, fearing late to work or school.
Indonesia: nyantai wrote cyinn ...! The boss also the coming of late!
1. Is it cultural comparison?
Culture is the crystallization of values and lifestyle adopted a community. Culture of each community grow and develop unique, because of differences in the pattern of the community life. Comparison of Japanese and Indonesian culture means finding the values of similarities and differences between the Indonesian people and the nation of Japan. By recognizing the similarities and differences between the two cultures that, we will be able to understand the diversity of existing lifestyle, which will be useful when communicating and interacting with parties coming from different cultures.
The main difficulty in making comparisons between Indonesian and Japanese culture due to the different characteristics of the two nations. Japanese people are relatively homogeneous, and only has about 15 languages (not mean 15 tribes, because including sign language for the deaf), and has a much longer history, so that the cultural values it is crystallized. The Indonesian nation characterized by a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic, has more than 700 languages, making it easy to search for fragments that represent the culture of Indonesia nationally [1]. Need separated values which are accepted nationally in Indonesia, and which is the unique character of the existing one tribe.
The discussion in this paper is limited in comparison Indonesian and Japanese culture from the following aspects. : "Name and signature", "how to use gestures to respect the older / respected".
2. Selection Tradition Name and Signature
2.1 naming tradition in Japan
Name in Japan consists of two parts: the family name and first name. This name must be listed in a government office (Kuyakusho), no later than 14 days after a baby is born. Everyone in Japan except the imperial family, has a family name. The tradition of the use of the family name is valid from the time of the Meiji restoration, whereas in the previous era generally ordinary people did not have surnames. Since the Meiji restoration, the family name became a necessity in Japan. Today there are about 100 thousand surnames in Japan, and among the most popular are Satou and Suzuki. If a woman is married, then he would change the family name, followed her husband's name. However, there are many career women who retains his family name. Of a government survey in 1997, approximately 33% of the respondents wanted to get married though, they are not allowed to change the name of the family [2]. This occurs because of the influence of social structure shifted from the concept of "ie" (家) in Japanese family tradition. More and more young people who live in a big city, so it is generally become nuclear family (father, mother and child), and there is no necessity of a woman after marriage then stay at home husband's family. The tradition in Japan in selecting first name, having regard to the meaning of kanji, and the number of strokes, accompanied by hope or prayer for the good of the child.
2.2 The tradition of naming in Indonesia
As for the people in Indonesia not all tribes have a tradition of the family name. Java community for example, does not have a family name. But tribes in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi has a family name. From the name of a person, we can estimate from the tribe where he came from, what religion professed etc. The following characteristics of the name of each tribe in Indonesia
• Javanese (approximately 45% of the entire population): usually begins with Su (for men) or Sri (for women), and use the vowel "o". Example: Sukarno, Suharto, Susilo, Joko, Anto, Sri Miranti, Sri Ning.
• Sundanese (approximately 14% of the entire population): many who have looping syllable. For example Dada, Titin, Iis, Cecelia
• Batak: some examples of surnames among others Harahap, Nasution.
• Minahasa tribe: some examples include Pinontoan surname, Ratulangi.
• Balinese people: Ketut, Made, Putu, Wayan etc. This name indicates the sequence, not a family name.
In addition to the name derived from the traditions of the tribe, many names are taken from the influence of religion. For example, Muslims: Abdurrahman Wahid, Abdullah, etc. While Catholics usually wear a baptismal name: Francis, Bonivasius, Augustine, etc.
2.3 Comparison of the two traditions
Similarities between the two traditions
Both in Japan and in Indonesia in choosing a name (first name) often choose mensimbolkan word meaning good, as prayers for the child later better way of life. Special in Japan, many stroke kanji used is also a
one particular consideration in choosing a letter to the child. Generally men in Japan ending in "ro" (郎), while women end in "ko" (子)
The difference between the two traditions as follows.
1. In Japan, the family name entered in the official civil records, but in Indonesia this family name is not recorded officially in a government office. Name of family / clan is not allowed to be listed on the birth certificate
2. In Japan after marrying a woman will officially change its name to follow her husband's surname. While in Indonesia when married, a woman does not change the family name. But there is also the husband's family name is inserted in the middle, between the first name and family name of the woman, as in the Minahasa tribe. In Indonesia, generally after marriage the husband's name is attached to the back of the wife's name. For example, Prio Jatmiko married to Sri Suwarni, then she became Sri Suwarni Jatmiko. But this addition does not go through the process of legalization / official record in a government office.
3. Kanji letters that can be used to develop the child's name in Japan is limited by the government (about 2232 letters, called jinmeiyo kanji), while in Indonesia there are no formal restrictions to choose the word that is used as the name of the child
2.4 A unique experience that arise from cultural differences
For Indonesian people who come in Japan, during registration, for example, to make ID cards are often asked which family name, and where the first name. Almost every time I have to always explain the difference between Indonesian and Japanese tradition, that in Indonesia there is no necessity to have a family name. Normally this can be understood and not cause problems. But sometimes we have to specify the name as a family name, for example, when writing a paper (formal scientific article), or for the benefit of the work. At that time I was forced to use the name "Nugroho" as a family name in order not to complicate the administration problems. Similarly, when my son was born, we named Kartika Utami nurhayati. My son's name although none length which is a family name. But the time of registration, the government of Japan (Kuyakusho) asked me to assign a name that is recorded as a family, because otherwise it would be difficult in the administrative management of insurance. Finally the name "nurhayati" located at the back of my registered as a family name. For Japanese people it will seem strange, because in our family there who have the same family name.
Still related to the name, is a matter of signature and Inkan (stamp). In Indonesia in various formal administrative affairs as a sign of approval, each person signing. This signature must be constant. Many people who have a signature derived from the initials of the name, but with a unique way of writing which differentiate with other people who may have the same name. This signature is also to be affixed at the time of an Indonesian passport will leave for Japan. But once he was in Japan, the original signature has an important role, becoming lost perananannya. Signature in Japan does not have the formal power. The tradition of Japanese society in his signature is to wear Inkan (stamp). Usually this Inkan bearing the family name. There are several types of Inkan used in Japan. Among others:
1. "Mitomein" (認 印) used for everyday purposes that are not too important, for example, when receiving a shipment, fill out an application.
2. "Jitsuin" (実 印) used for important purposes, such as buying a home, buying a car. Inkan this type should be listed in a government office.
3. "Ginkoin" (銀行 印) is used to open a bank account
"Jitsuin" and "ginkoin" very rarely used and should be stored carefully. Because if lost will cause serious problems in the business.
For foreigners when entering Japan must make Inkan. To create a bank account, we can not use a signature, and must wear Inkan. Unless yubinkyoku still allow the use of signatures. Because it does not have the habit of signatures, a lot of the Japanese people when asked to sign a hand (in the passport for example), generally they write their full name in kanji. Perhaps because of this that when I asked an officer delivery of goods, to sign a receipt, he said, "please write your full name", even though it's in the signature column. It seems to them, together with a written signature full name.
3. The use of gesture / motion of the body to give respect and affection
One of the interesting topics to be discussed is how to use body language to express respect. Japan and Indonesia have different ways of expressing gratitude, apology, etc.
Ojigi
In Japanese culture is a way of saluting ojigi with bow, for example, when to say thank you, apology, give a diploma at graduation, etc. There are two types of ojigi: ritsurei (立 礼) and Zarei (座 礼). Ojigi Ritsurei is done while standing. While doing ojigi, for men usually while pressing the ass to maintain balance, while women usually put both hands in front of body. While Zarei is ojigi performed while sitting. Based on the intensity, ojigi divided into 3: saikeirei (最 敬礼), keirei (敬礼), eshaku (会 釈). The longer and more in a bent body indicates the intensity of feeling to be conveyed. Saikeirei is the highest level, the body was bent about 45 degrees or more. Keirei around 30-45 degrees, while eshaku about 15-30 degrees. Saikeirei very rarely done in everyday life, as it is used when expressing profound apology or to perform prayers. To further intensify, ojigi done repeatedly. For example, when I want to convey a feeling of profound apology. As for the Indonesian culture, unknown ojigi.
handshake
The tradition of the handshake is done both in Indonesia and in Japan symbolizes hospitality and warmth. But in Indonesia, sometimes this is done with a handshake should join hands. If done by two people of the opposite sex, there are times when their hands are not touching. Location of hands after the handshake is done, was different. There are some people who then put a hand on his chest, there are also placed on the forehead, as saying that it is not merely physical, but also of the mind.
kiss the hand
The tradition of kissing the hand commonly done as a form of respect from a child to a parent, from a layman to community leaders / religion, from a student to teacher. It is not clear where this tradition originated. But there is a suspicion comes from the influence of Arab culture. In old Europe, known tradition of kissing the hand as well, but as a tribute to a man against a woman who dignified the same or higher. In the Roman Catholic religion, kiss the hand is also a tradition that is carried out of a race to the boss (Pope, Cardinal). In Japan unknown culture kiss hands.
kiss on the cheek
Kiss on the cheek common in Indonesia when two people meet friends or relatives, or as an expression of the love of a child to his parents and vice versa. This tradition is not found in Japan.
sungkem
Sungkem tradition prevalent in Javanese society, but may not be prevalent in other tribes. Sungkem done as a sign of devotion of a child to his parents, a student to teacher. Sungkem wont to do if a child is going to get married, or when Eid (for Muslims), as an expression of apology to the parents, and asked for his blessing prayer.
Both the Japanese and Indonesian culture is unique in expressing respect, sorry. Handshake is the only tradition that applies both in Japan and Indonesia. Mistakes that often occur when a new Indonesia is familiar with Japanese culture while doing ojigi, the face does not come subdued but looking at the other person. This may occur because the affected style prevalent handshake while looking at each other's eyes. Another mistake is to mix ojigi frequent and handshakes. It is also not appropriate in light of the Japanese tradition.
4. Cover
Comparison between Indonesian and Japanese culture is useful to know the thinking pattern of the Indonesian people and the nation of Japan. One of the main difficulties is the different characteristics of the two nations: the Japanese are relatively homogeneous, whereas the Indonesian people are very heterogeneous. Therefore, the comparison would be easier if it is focused on the tribes in Indonesia. For example, Japanese culture with the culture of Central Java, or Japanese culture with Sundanese culture.
1. When in public transport:
Japan: People in reading a book or sleep.
Indonesia: People in chat, ngegosip, laugh-ketiwi giggling, daydream, and sleep.
2. When eating dikendaraan general:
Japan: Trash leftover food is stored into a pants pocket or put in a bag, then just dumped after find any trash.
Indonesia: The innocent face, junk food scraps thrown away just like that under the bench / thrown out the window.
3. When the class:
Japan: The blank is most rear college.
Indonesia: The blank is the next college.
4. When the professor giving a lecture:
Japan: All students are silent listening intently.
Indonesia: Look to the left, there is a chat. Look to the right, there is a read comics. Look back, on the bed. Just wrote a calm front row to listen to, it was because sitting right in front of the nose faculty!
5. When given the task by the lecturer:
Japan: Today was also the day or malemnya directly invade the library or browse the internet for searching the data.
Indonesia: If there's no tomorrow, why dikerjain today!
6. When late to class:
Japan: Begging pardon bowing 90 degrees, and the expression of shame and regret not going to repeat again.
Indonesia: Slonong boy & girl slonong enter just like that without asking permission to lecturers at all.
7. When on the highway:
Japan: The car is very rare (except in big cities). Though Japan the country's largest car manufacturer in the world, his car on where ya?
Indonesia: The streets were jammed, to the extent that people often difficult to cross and which way the motor keserempet inconsiderate.
8. When the office hours:
Japan: The road sepiiiii really, like a ghost town.
Indonesia: There Unscrupulous use coklat2 uniform in wandering in malls.
9. When the trash:
Japan: Waste disposed of according to its kind. Organic waste disposed of in special bins of organic, non-organic waste disposed of in a non-organic waste.
Indonesia: organic Want kek, kek non-organic, animal bangke kek, all tumplek together in plastic bags. (make it simple hahahaa)
10. When leaving the office:
Japan: Departing take a train / bus. The car is used only when a family vacation or event urgent wrote.
Indonesia: Prestige dooonk ... Future ride public transportation ?!
11. When agreed to meet:
Japan: Ting ... tong ... everything comes right at the agreed hours.
Indonesia: One party must be allowed to mildew and rust over time because of the wait!
12. When walking in the morning:
Japan: People on the street super fast kayak pursued doggy, fearing late to work or school.
Indonesia: nyantai wrote cyinn ...! The boss also the coming of late!
NONVERBAL
Nonverbal communication is the process of communication in which the message is delivered
do not use words. Verbal communication includes tone of voice, gesture,sighs, movement,screams,appearance,vocal qualities and facial expression
Examples of nonverbal communication is
using gestures,
body language,
facial expressions
eye contact,
use of objects such as clothing,
hair pieces and etc.
do not use words. Verbal communication includes tone of voice, gesture,sighs, movement,screams,appearance,vocal qualities and facial expression
Examples of nonverbal communication is
using gestures,
body language,
facial expressions
eye contact,
use of objects such as clothing,
hair pieces and etc.
Nonverbal behavior
can be repeated verbal
behavior. For example, you are nodding your head when saying "Yes"
or shaking his head while saying "No,"
a musician come to you without saying a word and then you wiggle your hands with your palms facing forward (as a substitute for the word "No").
Nonverbal behavior can refute or contradict the verbal behavior and can give another meaning to the verbal message. For example, you praised the achievements of friends while shoot out the lip.
a musician come to you without saying a word and then you wiggle your hands with your palms facing forward (as a substitute for the word "No").
Nonverbal behavior can refute or contradict the verbal behavior and can give another meaning to the verbal message. For example, you praised the achievements of friends while shoot out the lip.
when a friend asked if he sounds good. I would answer yes, but
not in my heart
While watching the game and only hand signals addressed. Your friends can know how scor foot ball game yesterday
college will end, you look at the clock hand two or three times so that the lecturer immediately close the college.
While watching the game and only hand signals addressed. Your friends can know how scor foot ball game yesterday
college will end, you look at the clock hand two or three times so that the lecturer immediately close the college.
VERBAL
Verbal
Verbal and non verbal
communication have 2 section there are :
Vocal Communication and Non Vokal Communication
Verbal communication
is communication using
words or verbal
symbols. Verbal communication includes
spoken words and written words
example:
- Talk to a person or group of persons
- Listen to the radio
- Reading books, magazines and novels,
- Writing a cover letter, letter of the purchase agreement, brochures, etc..
- Addressing the crowds
example:
- Talk to a person or group of persons
- Listen to the radio
- Reading books, magazines and novels,
- Writing a cover letter, letter of the purchase agreement, brochures, etc..
- Addressing the crowds
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)