ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

English Phonology
For complete discussions of phonetics and phonology, consult an introductory linguistics book, or visit my page on English phonetic symbols. The component of English phonology most important to spelling is the English phoneme inventory: the letters in our alphabet are used to represent these phonemes. Phonemes are the individual sounds that words are composed of in our mental lexicon (our mental inventory of English vocabulary).
Morphophonemic rules (different ways of pronouncing suffixes such as past tense <-ed>, for example) are also important: a particular morpheme may have fewer spellings than it has pronunciations (for example, the <-s> suffix for plural nouns is sometimes pronounced /s/ and sometimes /z/; the <-ed> suffix is pronounced three ways: /d/, /t/, and /(schwa)d/. In some cases, there is more than one spelling for a particular morpheme (for example, the past tense marker, usually spelled <ed>, is spelled <t> in such words as <slept>, <dreamt>, accurately reflecting its pronunciation). Processes (such as the change in pronunciation of /t/ in waiter) are not shown in English spelling; in most spelling systems throughout the world, the letters represent phonemes, not allophones.
Because processes often destroy the contrast between phonemes (for instance, making /t/ and /d/ indistinguishable in word pairs such as <metal>, <medal>), they can cause spelling errors. For instance, the Canadian city-name <Ottowa> has been spelled <Oddowa>; the phrase <wrought iron> has been rendered as <rod iron>. In such cases, the speller has to guess which of two possible phonemes /t/ or /d/ has been replaced by the new sound, and makes the wrong guess

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